Reaktorok

Reaktorok, the Hungarian term for reactors, are devices in which controlled nuclear chain reactions are used to generate heat, most commonly for electricity production, but also for research, medicine, and propulsion. In a typical nuclear power reactor, heat is produced in the fuel by fission of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239. The reactor includes fuel assemblies, a moderator to slow neutrons, control rods to regulate reactivity, a coolant to transfer heat, and a containment structure to prevent release of radioactive materials.

There are several main types. Light-water reactors use ordinary water as both moderator and coolant and include pressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling water reactors (BWR). Heavy-water reactors use deuterium oxide as moderator. Gas-cooled reactors rely on carbon dioxide or helium as coolant. Fast reactors operate with fast neutrons and often use liquid metal coolants such as sodium or lead, with different fuel cycles. Research reactors are built for materials testing, isotope production, and training. In addition, small modular reactors are being developed to offer scalable, potentially safer options.

Safety and regulation are central to reactor operation. National authorities set design, construction, and operating standards, while international bodies like the IAEA promote safety guidelines. Modern reactors incorporate multiple layers of defense, including passive cooling, redundant cooling systems, containment barriers, and robust emergency plans. Waste management involves handling spent fuel, conditioning wastes, and, in some countries, reprocessing; long-term disposal in geological repositories is under study or development in several regions.

Global trends include the deployment of SMRs, Generation IV concepts, and continued research to improve safety, efficiency, and nonproliferation. Reaktorok thus represent a mature technology with ongoing innovation and discussion about environmental impact and energy security.