Radikulopatia

Radikulopatia, also known as radiculopathy or nerve root compression, refers to a group of neurological disorders caused by damage or irritation to a nerve root as it exits the spinal column. The condition can affect the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine, leading to characteristic patterns of pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness that radiate along the distribution of the affected nerve.

The most common causes are herniated intervertebral discs, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, traumatic injuries, or inflammatory conditions such as spinal tumors or infections. Mechanical compression is the predominant mechanism, but metabolic disorders like diabetes or vitamin deficiencies may also contribute. Risk factors include age, occupational strain, obesity, smoking, and a history of spinal surgery.

Typical symptoms involve sharp or burning pain that follows a dermatomal spread, accompanied by paresthesia or motor weakness in the corresponding myotome. Reflex changes, such as reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes, may be present. Diagnosis relies on a detailed clinical examination, supplemented by imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans to identify structural causes. Electrophysiological studies (nerve conduction velocity or electromyography) can confirm nerve root dysfunction and help localize the lesion.

Management strategies begin with conservative measures, including physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and modalities like heat or cold packs. Epidural steroid injections or nerve blocks may provide temporary relief. Surgical intervention, such as discectomy, laminectomy, or spinal fusion, is considered when conservative therapy fails, signs of progressive neurological deficits appear, or significant spinal instability is present.

Prognosis varies; many patients experience significant symptom reduction with non‑operative treatment, while others may require surgery for optimal relief. Long‑term outcomes are generally favorable when the underlying cause is effectively addressed. Regular follow‑up and lifestyle modifications—bodyweight control, ergonomics, and exercise—can help prevent recurrence.