Racionalitásmodellek

Racionalitásmodellek refers to various theoretical frameworks used to understand and explain human decision-making and behavior. These models attempt to capture the underlying principles and processes that guide choices, often assuming a degree of rationality on the part of the decision-maker.

One prominent category is normative rationality models, which describe how individuals *should* make decisions to achieve optimal outcomes, often based on principles of logic and probability. The expected utility theory is a classic example, positing that individuals choose the option that maximizes their expected utility, a subjective measure of value.

In contrast, descriptive rationality models aim to explain how individuals *actually* make decisions in real-world scenarios, acknowledging cognitive limitations and biases. Bounded rationality, introduced by Herbert Simon, suggests that decision-makers have limited information processing capacity, time, and knowledge, leading them to satisfice rather than optimize. This means they aim for a satisfactory solution rather than the absolute best one.

Behavioral economics has further refined these models by integrating psychological insights. Prospect theory, for instance, describes how people choose between probabilistic alternatives that involve risk, highlighting that people are often loss-averse and weigh potential losses more heavily than equivalent gains. Other models explore heuristics and biases, which are mental shortcuts that can lead to systematic deviations from purely rational decision-making. Understanding these models is crucial in fields such as economics, psychology, political science, and artificial intelligence.