RMF

RMF, or Risk Management Framework, is a structured process for identifying, implementing, and maintaining security controls for information systems. It is best known for its use within the United States federal government, where it provides a repeatable methodology to manage cybersecurity risk across the system life cycle, from initial authorization to ongoing operation and monitoring.

Origin and standards

The RMF was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and is described in NIST SP 800-37, with supporting guidance in SP 800-53 (Security and Privacy Controls) and SP 800-53A (Assessments). It is designed to align information system security with the requirements of the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) and to produce an Authorization to Operate (ATO) based on assessed risk.

Process overview

RMF comprises a series of steps that may be performed iteratively. Typical stages include: Prepare (establish governance, roles, and risk tolerance), Categorize the information system by impact levels (low, moderate, high) using criteria from FIPS 199; Select security controls and tailor baselines to the system; Implement the chosen controls; Assess the controls to determine effectiveness; Authorize the system to operate; and Monitor the security controls on an ongoing basis, incorporating continuous monitoring and updates to the authorization as needed.

Scope and usage

Although rooted in federal use, RMF has been adopted by many organizations outside the U.S. government and can be applied to on-premises, cloud, and hybrid environments. It emphasizes ongoing risk management, formal authorization decisions, and an auditable trail of security activities.