Quantumfysica

Quantumfysica, or quantum physics, is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales. It seeks to explain phenomena that lie beyond the reach of classical theories, including discrete energy levels, probabilistic outcomes, and nonlocal correlations.

Historically, quantum theory emerged in the early 20th century from work by Planck, Einstein, Bohr, de Broglie, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Dirac. The development led to distinct formulations such as wave mechanics and matrix mechanics, unified later in quantum mechanics. The standard framework treats physical systems with wave functions whose squared magnitude gives probabilities for measurement results.

Key concepts: quantization, superposition, entanglement, and the uncertainty principle. The mathematics uses Hilbert spaces, operators, eigenstates, and the Schrödinger equation for time evolution. Measurements are described by projection and the Born rule. Relativistic quantum field theory extends the framework to fields and particles, accommodating creation and annihilation events.

Applications include semiconductors, lasers, magnetic resonance imaging, and emerging quantum technologies like quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. Foundational experiments include the double-slit experiment, interference, and Bell inequality tests that probe entanglement and locality.

In research, quantum physics intersects with philosophy in interpretations of measurement and reality, such as Copenhagen and many-worlds, but the field remains focused on predictive models and empirical verification. Quantum physics continues to influence technology and fundamental science.