Quaker

Quaker, or the Religious Society of Friends, is a Christian religious movement that began in 17th-century England. Founded by George Fox and a circle of early followers, Quakers emphasized direct, personal experience of the divine rather than reliance on clergy or sacraments. Central beliefs include the inner light of God in every person, pacifism, simplicity, equality, and integrity. Quaker worship often takes place in meetings for worship that are unprogrammed and held in silence, though many communities also conduct programmed meetings with prepared sermons. There is no professional clergy; leadership is provided by members as they discern through prayer and communal discernment.

Organizationally, Friends organize through local meetings that form part of regional or yearly meetings. Decision making typically aims for unity through consensus and the sense of the meeting, rather than majoritarian votes. Within the broader Quaker family there are numerous branches, ranging from unprogrammed or liberal Friends to programmed, evangelical, or conservative groups; practices and theology can vary substantially across regions.

Historically, Quakers faced persecution in 17th- and 18th-century Britain, and many migrated to colonies in North America, where William Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven. Quakers played a prominent role in social reform movements, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, education, and advocacy for equal rights, including women's suffrage.

Today Quaker communities can be found in the United States, the United Kingdom, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, often continuing commitments to pacifism, humanitarian service, and environmental stewardship. Note: Quaker is also used in commerce, most famously by the Quaker Oats Company, which uses the name and a Quaker head as branding rather than endorsement of the religious group.