Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is a state in the northeastern United States and one of the original thirteen colonies. Known as the Keystone State for its central role in the founding of the nation, Pennsylvania achieved statehood in 1787. The capital is Harrisburg, while Philadelphia is the largest city and Pittsburgh is a major urban hub.

Geography and climate: The state is bordered by New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and Lake Erie. It features parts of the Appalachian Mountains and varied terrain from rolling hills to river valleys. The climate is generally humid continental with cold winters and warm summers.

History: Indigenous peoples inhabited the region before European settlement. William Penn established Pennsylvania in the 1680s as a haven for religious liberty. Philadelphia hosted the Continental Congress and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution; Pennsylvania joined the Union in 1787.

Economy and infrastructure: Historically a center of steel and manufacturing, the state now has a diversified economy focused on services, health care, education, technology, and energy. Major cities such as Philadelphia and Pittsburgh are anchors, supported by highways, ports, and airports including Philadelphia International and Pittsburgh International.

Culture and education: Home to universities such as the University of Pennsylvania, Penn State, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania also hosts landmarks like Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and destinations such as Hershey and Lancaster County.