Pyrrhonisms

Pyrrhonisms refers to the philosophical doctrines and practices associated with Pyrrho of Elis, the founder of Pyrrhonian skepticism. This school of thought, which flourished in ancient Greece, emphasizes suspending judgment on all matters that are not evident. Pyrrhonists argue that since sensory perceptions and reasoning can be unreliable or lead to contradictory conclusions, it is impossible to attain certain knowledge. Therefore, the appropriate response to any claim is epoche, or suspension of belief.

The ultimate goal of Pyrrhonism is ataraxia, a state of tranquility or freedom from disturbance. By refraining from making dogmatic assertions and accepting the uncertainty inherent in knowledge, Pyrrhonists believed one could achieve peace of mind. They did not deny the existence of things but rather questioned our ability to know their true nature. This led to a way of life that was often characterized by a gentle, non-assertive demeanor and a willingness to follow customs and appearances without committing to their underlying truth.

Pyrrhonism was later revived and developed by figures such as Aenesidemus and Sextus Empiricus, who systematized its arguments and techniques. Sextus Empiricus, in particular, is a primary source for our understanding of Pyrrhonism through his work "Outlines of Pyrrhonism." The school's influence extended through Hellenistic and Roman philosophy and has seen resurgences in various forms throughout intellectual history, often serving as a critical tool against dogmatism.