Psammophiidae

Psammophiidae is a family of snakes commonly known as sand snakes. These snakes are found in Africa, southern Europe, and Asia. They are characterized by their slender bodies, pointed heads, and large eyes. Psammophiidae snakes are generally diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and are often found in arid or semi-arid environments such as deserts, savannas, and open woodlands. Their diet typically consists of small mammals, lizards, and other reptiles.

The family Psammophiidae was historically considered a subfamily within the Colubridae family, but was elevated to family status based on genetic and morphological evidence. This family contains several genera, including Psammophis, Rhamphiophis, and Echirornis. While most species are oviparous, laying eggs, there are some viviparous species that give birth to live young.

Many psammophiid snakes are rear-fanged, meaning their venom-delivery fangs are located at the back of their jaws. The venom of most psammophiid snakes is considered to be mild and generally not dangerous to humans, though some species may cause localized swelling or pain if bitten. However, caution is always advised when encountering any wild snake. Their coloration varies widely among species, often providing camouflage against their natural backgrounds. They play a role in their ecosystems as both predators and prey.