Proteocephalidea
Proteocephalidea is an order of parasitic flatworms (tapeworms) in the class Cestoda. Most species parasitize freshwater fishes, though some lineages extend to amphibians or reptiles. They are distributed worldwide, with greatest diversity in temperate and tropical freshwater systems.
Morphology and anatomy: The scolex typically bears broad, flat bothridia (suction structures) rather than a rostellar
Life cycle and hosts: Proteocephalideans generally have indirect lifecycles involving one or more intermediate hosts. A
Taxonomy and diversity: The order comprises several families, the largest and most widespread being Proteocephalidae. Other
Ecological and applied significance: Proteocephalideans are of interest in studies of parasite diversity, fish health, and