Prosthetics

Prosthetics are artificial devices that replace a missing body part to improve function and appearance. They may replace limbs, facial structures, or other anatomical segments affected by trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Prosthetic devices can be categorized by location (upper limb, lower limb), by function (supporting, active movement, cosmetic), and by control method (body-powered, myoelectric, osseointegrated).

A typical limb prosthesis consists of an interface (socket) that fits over the residual limb, a frame or pylon, joints or connectors, a terminal device such as a hand or foot, and a harness or electronic controller. Lower-limb devices use pylons and feet, while upper-limb devices enable grasping and manipulation.

Materials have evolved from wood and metal to advanced plastics, carbon fiber composites, and lightweight alloys. Modern prosthetics incorporate electronics, sensors, and microprocessors to improve control. Control methods include body-powered systems using cables, myoelectric systems that interpret surface muscle signals, and more recently targeted muscle reinnervation and implanted sensors. Some devices use osseointegration, attaching the prosthesis directly to bone.

Prosthetics can restore mobility and independence but face challenges in fit, durability, cost, and access to care. Rehabilitation, training, and regular maintenance are crucial for optimal function. Ongoing research aims to provide more natural movement, sensory feedback, lighter materials, and better durability. The field involves prosthetists, orthotists, engineers, clinicians, and researchers, and is governed by safety and ethical considerations in device testing and use.