Prairies

Prairies are a type of temperate grassland found inland on continents with dry to moderately wet climates. They feature deep, fertile soils and relatively open landscapes with few trees. Fire, grazing by large herbivores, and seasonal drought early in their formation help prevent woodland from taking hold, maintaining the grassy cover that defines prairie ecosystems.

Historically, North American prairies extended from Texas to Alberta and from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River, with distinct zones such as tallgrass, mixed-grass, and shortgrass prairies. The term prairie is most commonly used in North America; similar grassland regions in Europe, Asia, and South America are usually described as steppes or pampas.

Ecology and soils are central to prairie character. Fire and grazing recycle nutrients, control woody plant encroachment, and promote a diverse plant community. Grasses in prairie ecosystems often have deep root systems that store carbon and survive droughts, allowing rapid recovery after disturbances. The plant diversity supports a wide array of insects, birds, and other wildlife, contributing to resilient food webs.

Flora and fauna vary by region. Common prairie grasses include big bluestem, switchgrass, little bluestem, and buffalo grass, with a regionally diverse array of forbs and wildflowers. Historic fauna in North American prairies included bison, pronghorn, prairie dogs, coyotes, and numerous ground-nesting birds such as grouse and prairie-chickens.

Human activity has transformed much of the prairie, particularly through agriculture and urban development. Conservation efforts focus on restoration of native plant communities, prescribed burning, habitat protection, and seed banks to preserve genetic diversity and ecological function.