Pomoxis

Pomoxis is a small genus of freshwater fishes in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) native to North America. The genus comprises two species: Pomoxis annularis, the white crappie, and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, the black crappie. They are popular sport fish and are frequently found in ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and slow-moving rivers.

Distribution and habitat: White and black crappies occur across much of eastern, central, and southern United States and parts of southern Canada. They favor clear or moderately clear waters with abundant structure, such as submerged vegetation, fallen trees, and other cover. They are often found in schooling groups, especially when young, and occupy a range of depths depending on season and temperature.

Description: Both species are mid-sized, laterally compressed fish with relatively deep bodies and long dorsal fins. Coloration differs between species: the black crappie shows irregular dark vertical bars along the sides, while the white crappie is paler with faint or absent vertical bars. Typical adults commonly measure around 15–25 cm (6–10 inches), with larger individuals approaching 40 cm (16 inches) in favorable habitats.

Ecology: Crappies are omnivorous. Juveniles feed mainly on zooplankton and insect larvae; adults eat small fishes, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. They form schools, forage near vegetation or structures, and are more active in low light.

Reproduction: Spawning occurs in spring when water temperatures rise. Males prepare and defend shallow, nest-like areas on substrates such as gravel or vegetation, guarding eggs and newly hatched fry.

Conservation and management: Crappies are generally abundant and not globally threatened, but regional populations are managed with size and bag limits, seasonal closures, and habitat restoration to maintain healthy stocks.