Polyp

Polyp is a growth that projects from a mucous membrane, often attached by a stalk. Polyps can occur in many parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, nasal passages, uterus, bladder, and skin. Most polyps are benign, but some are neoplastic or inflammatory and may require treatment. The term also describes a life stage in certain animals, such as corals and sea anemones, where the body forms a tubular, sessile polyp.

Colorectal polyps are common findings during screening and are classified by histology into adenomatous polyps, hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, and hamartomatous polyps. Adenomas are neoplastic and can progress to colorectal cancer, especially when large, villous, or high-grade. Hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps are typically benign. Management usually involves endoscopic removal, followed by surveillance colonoscopy at intervals determined by risk factors.

Nasal polyps are inflammatory, edematous growths inside the nasal passages or sinuses, associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and reduced sense of smell. Treatment includes intranasal corticosteroids, with systemic steroids or surgery for persistent cases.

Uterine polyps (endometrial polyps) arise from the lining of the uterus and can cause abnormal uterine bleeding. They are usually benign but can be precancerous in some contexts. Management ranges from watchful waiting in asymptomatic cases to hysteroscopic polypectomy for symptomatic or enlarging polyps.

In zoology, a polyp is a tubular, sessile form of certain cnidarians, such as sea anemones and corals, contrasting with the free-swimming medusa form in other species.