edematous

Edematous describes tissue swollen from edema, the accumulation of excess interstitial fluid. Edema results from shifts in capillary forces or from impaired lymphatic drainage. Edematous tissue may be pitting or non-pitting and is often graded by severity (0 to 4+).

Causes include heart failure, kidney disease (eg nephrotic syndrome), liver cirrhosis with hypoalbuminemia, venous insufficiency, and lymphatic obstruction (lymphedema). Inflammation, injury, pregnancy, malnutrition, and certain medications can also produce edema. Edema may be localized or diffuse.

Pathophysiology involves increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Chronic edema can lead to skin changes and ulcers.

Evaluation relies on history and examination, measurements of limb girth or volume, and laboratory tests (albumin, kidney and liver function, thyroid tests) to identify systemic causes. Imaging or venous studies may be needed to exclude DVT or venous insufficiency.

Management targets the underlying cause and may include diuretics when appropriate, compression therapy, leg elevation, and sodium restriction. Wound care and infection control are important for edematous, ulcerated tissue. Edema is a sign, not a disease, and its significance depends on the clinical context.