Polyneoptera

Polyneoptera is a proposed superorder of insects that encompasses several insect orders. This grouping is based on morphological and genetic evidence, although its precise taxonomic rank and composition are subject to ongoing scientific debate and revision. The members of Polyneoptera are characterized by their hemimetabolous development, meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis, hatching as nymphs that resemble smaller versions of the adult and gradually developing through a series of molts.

Key insect orders often included within Polyneoptera are Blattodea (cockroaches and termites), Mantodea (mantises), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids), and Phasmatodea (stick insects and leaf insects). Some classifications also place other orders, such as Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers) and Plecoptera (stoneflies), within this superorder. These insects generally possess chewing mouthparts and two pairs of wings, though some species are wingless. Their ecological roles vary widely, with many serving as herbivores, detritivores, or predators within their respective environments. The evolutionary relationships among these diverse groups are a significant area of research in entomology.