Polygonia

Polygonia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as anglewings because of the jagged, angular margins of their wings. The genus contains about a dozen species and is distributed across temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. The name derives from Greek roots meaning “many angles.”

Description and identification

Members of Polygonia typically have irregular, saw-toothed wing edges. The upperside of the wings is usually orange-brown with dark markings, while the hindwings often bear pale spots. The undersides are cryptic, with brown and orange mottling that mimics dried leaves, aiding camouflage when the butterfly rests with its wings closed. Some species show seasonal variation, with differing coloration between spring and late-summer forms. A few species carry distinctive white markings on the forewings, which inform common names like the Question Mark.

Ecology and life history

Adults feed on nectar, rotting fruit, and tree sap. Many Polygonia species overwinter as adults, emerging in spring. Females lay eggs on host plants, and larvae (caterpillars) feed on a variety of woody and herbaceous plants, with preferences that vary by species. The life cycle typically includes several generations per year in warmer climates and one or two in cooler regions.

Distribution and habitat

Polygonia species inhabit woodlands, forest edges, hedgerows, and garden areas within temperate zones. They favor transitional habitats where host plants and nectar sources are available.

Selected species

Two widely known members are Polygonia interrogationis, the Question Mark, found in North America, and Polygonia c-album, the Comma, found in Europe and Asia. Other species occur across Asia and North America.

Conservation

Overall, Polygonia species are not widely endangered, but local populations can be affected by habitat loss, climate changes, and pesticide use.