Polaryzowalno

Polaryzowalno is the property of a material or molecule to become polarized in response to an external electric field. It describes how readily the electron cloud distorts and induces a dipole moment, which in turn influences many electrical and optical properties of a system. In scientific contexts, polaryzowalno is closely related to the concept of polarizability.

In linear, isotropic media the induced dipole moment p is proportional to the external field E: p = α E, where α is the polarizability (a scalar in isotropic cases). In anisotropic materials, polarizability becomes a tensor αij, relating components of the induced dipole to components of the field. For molecules, a static polarizability α0 characterizes the response to a constant field, while a dynamic polarizability α(ω) describes response to oscillating fields at frequency ω. Quantum mechanically, polarizability can be expressed via a sum-over-states formula involving transition dipole moments and energy gaps between the ground state and excited states.

Units and typical values vary: in SI units polarizability has dimensions of C m^2/V, but it is commonly reported in cubic ångströms (Å^3). Polarizability tends to increase with the number of electrons and molecular size; environmental factors and molecular orientation also affect the effective value.

Polaryzowalno is fundamental to dispersion forces, refractive index, and various spectroscopic phenomena. Higher polarizability generally strengthens van der Waals interactions and influences optical properties such as dielectric response and Raman scattering. It is determined experimentally through dielectric and refractive-index measurements and can be calculated theoretically using quantum-chemical methods.