PointtoPoint

Point-to-point refers to a direct communication link or transport path between two endpoints, with no intermediate nodes required to forward traffic between them. The term is used across fields such as computer networking, telecommunications, data transport, and distributed computing. A PtP connection is typically chosen for its simplicity, predictable performance, and, when dedicated, ample bandwidth.

In networking, PtP links connect two devices directly—such as two routers or a router and a switch—via a physical medium like single-mode fiber, copper, or line-of-sight wireless. They can also be realized as virtual circuits over shared infrastructure, employing protocols such as PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) or IP over Ethernet. PtP is common for leased lines, private backhaul links, and data-center uplinks.

In wireless contexts, point-to-point links function as wireless bridges or backhaul connections between two sites, often requiring line-of-sight and careful spectrum management to minimize interference and maintain throughput over distance.

In distributed computing and messaging, point-to-point describes direct communication between two processes or services, enabling request–response or remote procedure call patterns. This contrasts with point-to-multipoint or publish–subscribe models, where messages are delivered to multiple recipients.

Advantages of PtP include low latency, predictable performance, and isolation from other traffic. Disadvantages include higher cost per endpoint, limited scalability as more endpoints are added, and a potential single point of failure without redundancy. See also point-to-multipoint, topology, PPP, and PtP wireless.