Pfeilerbau

Pfeilerbau is a method of construction in which the primary vertical load-bearing elements are piers (Pfeiler) rather than solid walls. In this approach, arches or spanning elements transfer loads from upper structures to a line of regular or staggered piers, enabling larger clear spans and open interiors. The term contrasts with wall-based construction in which thick walls carry most of the load and with columnar systems where slender columns are the main carriers.

Historically, Pfeilerbau has roots in ancient Rome, where arcades and aqueducts rely on rows of arches resting on sturdy piers. In medieval Europe, Gothic architecture further developed the system by combining strong piers with ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to carry thrusts outward and downward. In brick and stone churches, dozens of piers define aisles and galleries. With the advent of industrialization, iron and later reinforced concrete allowed taller piers and longer spans, expanding the use of Pfeilerbau in bridges, warehouses, and public buildings.

Principles: piers are designed to resist compression and to transfer loads into foundations; arches and vaults distribute vertical loads as thrusts to the piers. Lateral stability is achieved by buttresses, braces, or frames. Materials range from masonry and brick to concrete and steel, influencing aesthetics and structural behavior. Modern Pfeilerbau often combines with frame or shell systems to optimize strength, stiffness, and constructability.

Applications: bridges with multiple piers; large halls and basilicas; industrial roofs; viaducts and port facilities.