Peavalude

Peavalude is the Estonian term for headaches, a group of symptoms characterized by pain or discomfort in the head or face. It describes a symptom rather than a disease, and headaches are a common reason people seek medical advice.

The word peavalu means "headache" in Estonian; peavalude is the genitive plural form, used to denote "of headaches" or, in general, headaches.

Headache disorders are typically classified as primary or secondary. Primary headaches include tension-type headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches result from another condition, such as infection, head injury, vascular disorders, medication overuse, or brain pathology.

Symptoms vary by type. Migraines often present as moderate to severe unilateral throbbing pain with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound; aura may occur for some individuals. Tension-type headaches are usually bilateral, with a pressing or tightening sensation of mild to moderate intensity. Cluster headaches involve intense unilateral pain around the eye, often with accompanying restlessness or lacrimation and nasal congestion.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. Red flags that require further investigation include a sudden "thunderclap" headache, new headaches in people over 50, progressive neurological symptoms, fever with neck stiffness, or a history of cancer or compromised immune system.

Treatment depends on the type and severity. Acute management for many primary headaches includes non-prescription analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs, and triptans for migraines. Preventive therapies may be appropriate for frequent or disabling headaches, including certain medications and lifestyle changes. Nonpharmacological approaches—adequate sleep, hydration, regular meals, physical activity, stress management, and avoidance of triggers—are important.

Prognosis and public health considerations: Most headaches are manageable with proper care, but chronic headaches can impair function and quality of life. Education about medication use and trigger management helps reduce burden and prevent medication overuse.