Pauken

Pauken, or timpani in English, are pitched percussion instruments consisting of large copper bowls with animal or synthetic heads stretched over a rigid frame. They produce definite musical pitches and are used as both rhythmic and melodic components in orchestras and ensembles.

Most modern timpani sets include two to four drums of varying sizes. Each drum is tuned to a fixed pitch by a pedal-driven mechanism that tightens or loosens the drumhead via tension rods. Heads are commonly made of synthetic materials today, though calfskin was traditional. The pedal system allows rapid retuning between notes during performance, and a resonant, sustained tone is produced by striking near the center with special mallets.

The range of a timpani depends on drum size; smaller kettles cover higher pitches, larger ones the lower end. A typical orchestra uses multiple drums to span a broad harmonic range, enabling both foundational pedal tones and higher melodic pitches. Timpani are valued for precise pitch accuracy, dynamic control, and the ability to execute rapid tuning changes between passages.

Playing technique involves specific mallets with varying hardness, control of striking position, and dampening as needed. Players use rolls, accents, and measured dynamics to articulate passages, often switching pitches smoothly with the pedals while maintaining a coherent line.

History and usage: timpani originated in Europe and became a standard orchestral instrument in the 18th and 19th centuries. The development of pedal-tuned timpani in the 19th century allowed quicker retuning during music, expanding their role in symphonic works. Contemporary repertoire includes orchestral, chamber, and experimental pieces, as well as film scores where timpani contribute powerful low-end sonorities.