Panaqueinae

Panaqueinae is a subfamily of armored catfishes belonging to the family Loricariidae, commonly known as suckermouth catfishes or plecos. This group is primarily found in freshwater habitats across Central and South America, with some species extending into northern Argentina. The subfamily is characterized by its distinctive armor plating, which consists of bony plates covering much of the body, providing protection against predators and abrasive substrates.

Members of Panaqueinae are often recognized for their unique feeding habits, particularly their role as wood-eaters. Many species possess specialized teeth adapted for grinding wood, allowing them to consume cellulose-rich materials such as driftwood, fallen branches, and bark. This diet contributes to nutrient cycling in their ecosystems by breaking down organic matter. Some species, like *Panaque nigrolineatus*, are particularly well-known for their wood-shredding capabilities.

The subfamily includes several genera, with *Panaque*, *Hypancistrus*, and *Pterygoplichthys* being among the most notable. *Panaque* species are often larger and more robust, while *Hypancistrus* contains smaller, more delicate forms, some of which are popular in the aquarium trade due to their striking coloration and behavior. *Pterygoplichthys* species, such as the common pleco (*Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps*), are also widely kept in home aquariums for their ability to control algae and wood.

Panaqueinae species vary in size, with some reaching over a meter in length, though most are smaller. They are typically nocturnal or crepuscular, spending daylight hours in shaded areas and becoming more active as light levels decrease. Their armor plating and strong suckermouth attachments enable them to cling securely to surfaces, including rocks, wood, and even the sides of aquariums.

Conservation status varies among species, with some facing threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and the aquarium trade. Efforts to monitor and protect these species are ongoing, particularly for those with restricted ranges or declining populations.