PTSDd

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a deeply distressing or life-threatening event. Symptoms typically emerge within months of the traumatic event but can sometimes appear years later or even persist without an obvious trigger. PTSD is recognized by the *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)* and is categorized under anxiety disorders, though it is now often considered a distinct condition.

Common symptoms include intrusive memories, nightmares, severe anxiety, and flashbacks of the traumatic event. Individuals may also experience avoidance of reminders of the trauma, emotional numbness, irritability, hypervigilance, and difficulty concentrating. Physical symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, and heightened startle responses may also occur. Symptoms vary in intensity and can fluctuate over time.

PTSD can develop after exposure to events like combat, assault, natural disasters, accidents, or prolonged stress such as abuse or captivity. Risk factors include the severity of the trauma, lack of social support, and pre-existing mental health conditions. While anyone can develop PTSD, certain groups—such as military veterans, first responders, and survivors of violence—are at higher risk.

Diagnosis involves a clinical evaluation by a mental health professional, who assesses symptoms based on the *DSM-5* criteria. Treatment often includes psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which help process traumatic memories. Medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also be prescribed to manage symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as exercise, mindfulness, and support groups, can complement formal treatment.

Early intervention improves long-term outcomes, and recovery is possible with appropriate care. Public awareness and destigmatization of PTSD encourage individuals to seek help. Research continues to explore new therapeutic approaches and the biological mechanisms underlying the disorder.