Optimismi

Optimismi refers to the general expectation that future events will be favorable. It encompasses a tendency to view experiences with positivity, to interpret information in a favorable light, and to persist in the face of challenges.

In psychology, optimismi includes dispositional optimism, a relatively stable trait that influences how people anticipate outcomes, and situational optimism that varies with circumstances. It is commonly assessed with instruments such as the Life Orientation Test (LOT) and the revised LOT-R, which measure expectancies about the future and overall outlook on life.

Historically, ideas related to optimism appear in ancient philosophy and later in debates about the nature of reality and happiness. In the modern era, optimism has been examined as a psychological construct within the field of positive psychology, which considers how hopeful attitudes contribute to well-being, resilience, and coping. The term and its study span multiple cultures and languages, with varying interpretations and emphasis.

Evidence on effects suggests that optimism can be linked to better coping strategies, greater perseverance, and, in some cases, improved health outcomes. However, excessive or unfounded optimism may lead to underestimating risks, insufficient preparation, or risky behavior. The relationship between optimism and outcomes often depends on context, the level of realism, and the presence of supportive behaviors or structured planning.

Critics note that optimism is not universal and can be shaped by cultural norms and personal experience. It is generally distinguished from hope, which carries more value-laden or motivational aspects, and from optimism bias, a cognitive tendency to overestimate positive results in judgment. See also optimism bias, positive psychology, hope, resilience.