Optimism

Optimism is a mental attitude characterized by the general expectation that positive outcomes will occur, even in the face of adversity. It is studied in psychology as a dispositional tendency—often called dispositional optimism—that shapes how people interpret events, set goals, and respond to stress. The concept can be distinguished from momentary hope and from optimism bias, a cognitive bias in which people overestimate the likelihood of favorable outcomes while underestimating risks.

Measurement and research commonly use instruments such as the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) to assess trait optimism, alongside measures of explanatory style and optimism bias. Dispositional optimism is linked to healthier coping, better adherence to medical regimens, and improved recovery in some studies, as well as greater resilience and social support. It is also associated with lower perceived stress and better subjective well-being, though effects may vary by context and culture.

Critics point out that excessive optimism, or unrealistically positive expectations, can impair risk assessment and planning, contribute to disappointment, and in some cases encourage risky behavior or maladaptive decision making. Cultural and situational factors influence how optimism is expressed and valued; some beliefs frame optimism within religious or communal frameworks.

Historically, the term emerged in the 18th century, and in modern psychology optimism has been a central topic in positive psychology, notably through Martin Seligman’s work on learned optimism, which emphasizes attributional styles and cognitive strategies to cultivate a more adaptive outlook.