Operatsioonvõimenditel

Operatsioonvõimenditel, commonly known as operational amplifiers or op-amps, are fundamental building blocks in analog electronic circuits. They are high-gain, direct-coupled, differential voltage amplifiers. An ideal op-amp has infinite open-loop gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and zero voltage offset. In practice, op-amps have very high but finite open-loop gain, high input impedance, low output impedance, and a limited bandwidth.

The primary function of an op-amp is to amplify the difference between its two input terminals: the inverting input (marked with a minus sign) and the non-inverting input (marked with a plus sign). The output voltage is proportional to this input difference, multiplied by the op-amp's gain. By using feedback, typically negative feedback, the behavior of the op-amp can be precisely controlled, enabling it to perform a wide range of analog signal processing functions.

Common op-amp configurations include the inverting amplifier, where the output is an amplified and inverted version of the input signal, and the non-inverting amplifier, where the output is an amplified version of the input signal with the same phase. Other applications include differentiators, integrators, summers, comparators, filters, and oscillators. The versatility and relatively low cost of op-amps have made them indispensable in countless electronic devices, from audio equipment to industrial control systems and medical instrumentation.