Onychorrhexis

Onychorrhexis is a dermatological term describing a brittle nail condition in which the nail plate develops longitudinal ridges and becomes prone to splitting or fissuring. It is primarily a clinical finding and can affect one or multiple nails. While some degree of ridging can be a normal part of aging, pronounced onychorrhexis may indicate an underlying disorder or environmental因素.

Signs and symptoms typically include visible longitudinal ridges running from the cuticle to the free edge, with brittle, split, or fissured edges. Nails may be dry, rough, and prone to catching on fabrics or water. In some cases, the condition coexists with other nail changes such as onychoschizia (horizontal splitting) or nail plate thinning.

Causes and risk factors are varied. Aging and chronic exposure to water, detergents, solvents, or nail-performances (such as nail polish removers) can contribute. Nutritional deficiencies (notably protein, iron, or zinc, and sometimes biotin deficiency), thyroid disease (especially hypothyroidism), eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, and other inflammatory or systemic conditions have been associated. Repeated trauma or habitual nail biting, certain medications, and genetic predisposition can also play a role.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on appearance and history. In persistent or widespread cases, evaluation for underlying conditions (such as thyroid function tests or iron studies) may be considered to guide management.

Management focuses on protecting and nourishing the nails and addressing any underlying disease. Measures include reducing trauma, wearing gloves during work, regular moisturization and sealants, avoiding aggressive nail products, and using emollients or keratin-containing preparations. Treatment of associated systemic conditions can improve nail health. Nails typically grow slowly, so improvements may take months.