ONGs

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are legally independent, not-for-profit groups that operate outside of government and the for-profit sector. They pursue a wide range of objectives, including humanitarian relief, development, human rights, environmental protection, and civil-society capacity building. NGOs can work locally, nationally, or internationally, and rely on a mix of volunteers and professional staff. Funding typically comes from private donations, contributions from foundations, membership dues, service fees, and sometimes government grants designated for charitable purposes.Reporting and transparency requirements vary by country and legal form.

The term and the phenomenon gained prominence in the 20th century, with growth in global humanitarian and development work after World War II. The expansion of global civil society led to thousands of NGOs operating in diverse sectors, often filling gaps left by governments and markets. International NGOs work across borders, while national or local NGOs focus on specific communities or issues.

Structure and governance usually involve a board of directors or trustees, with organizational leadership and staff responsible for programs, finance, and compliance. NGOs may be registered as charities, associations, or non-profit corporations and are expected to adhere to ethical standards, internal controls, and external reporting. Their funding sources—private donors, foundations, government grants, and in some cases service users—can influence priorities and operations, making governance and accountability particularly important.

Functions and activities cover advocacy, service delivery, capacity building, research, and monitoring of social, environmental, or health outcomes. NGOs collaborate with governments, international organizations, and other civil-society actors to implement programs, influence policy, and monitor human rights or humanitarian conditions.

Critics point to issues such as accountability, effectiveness, donor influence, and the potential for fragmentation. Proponents emphasize flexibility, community engagement, and the ability to mobilize resources quickly in response to needs.