Nýrnasteinum

Nýrnasteinum, commonly known as kidney stones, are solid deposits that form in the kidneys. They are typically made of mineral salts and can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. The most common type of kidney stone is made of calcium oxalate. Other types include uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cystine stones.

The formation of kidney stones is often attributed to a combination of factors, including insufficient fluid intake, a diet high in certain substances like oxalate or sodium, and certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Genetics can also play a role in an individual's susceptibility to developing kidney stones.

Symptoms of kidney stones can range from mild to severe and often depend on the size and location of the stone. Common symptoms include intense pain in the side and back, below the ribs, pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity, pain during urination, a persistent urge to urinate, urinating more often than usual, pink, red, or brown urine, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and nausea and vomiting. If a stone moves and causes blockages or infections, fever and chills may also occur.

Diagnosis typically involves a review of medical history, a physical examination, and imaging tests such as CT scans, ultrasounds, or X-rays to locate the stones and assess their size and position. Urine and blood tests may also be performed to identify the cause of stone formation.

Treatment options for kidney stones vary. Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain medication. Larger stones or those causing significant symptoms may require medical intervention. These interventions can include medications to help pass the stone, lithotripsy (a procedure using shock waves to break up stones), or surgery to remove the stones. Preventive measures, such as dietary changes and increased hydration, are often recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence.