Nuremberg

Nuremberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany, situated in the region of Franconia on the Pegnitz River. It lies about 170 kilometers north of Munich. With around 520,000 inhabitants in the city and a metropolitan region of about 1.3 million, it is the second-largest city in Bavaria.

Historically, Nuremberg emerged as a major medieval trading center and later became an influential seat of the Holy Roman Empire, with the Kaiserburg dominating the skyline. It developed into a center of crafts, especially metalwork, printmaking, and artistic production, contributing to the German Renaissance. The old town retains a fortified medieval core, including city walls and towers.

In the 20th century, the city was heavily bombed during World War II and was subsequently rebuilt. The postwar Nuremberg Trials, held at the Palace of Justice in 1945–46, established a lasting association with international law.

In modern times, Nuremberg is a regional transportation hub with a major rail node, an international airport, and extensive road connections. It hosts the Nuremberg Messe, a large convention and trade fair complex. The historic center includes the Hauptmarkt square, the Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain), and notable churches such as St. Lorenz and the Frauenkirche. Museums include the Germanisches Nationalmuseum and the Albrecht Dürer House. The city is renowned for its Christmas market, the Christkindlesmarkt, and Nürnberger Lebkuchen (gingerbread), as well as a long history in toy making.

The economy is diversified, with strengths in engineering, electronics, and services, supported by research institutions and a strong tourism sector.