Nitrated

Nitrated is an adjective used in chemistry to describe a molecule that contains one or more nitro groups, denoted as −NO2, attached to an organic or inorganic framework. The nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing substituent that often significantly alters a compound’s reactivity, polarity, and physical properties.

Nitration refers to the set of reactions that introduce nitro groups into a molecule. For aromatic substrates, nitration is typically an electrophilic substitution process, while aliphatic substrates may undergo different pathways. In general terms, nitrating systems rely on a nitronium source generated from reagents such as nitrating mixtures that commonly include nitric and sulfuric acids. The outcome depends on the substrate’s structure and the reaction conditions, yielding monocnitro or polynitrated products.

Common nitrated compounds include nitrobenzene, nitroalkanes, nitrocellulose, and energetic materials such as TNT (trinitrotoluene) and nitroglycerin. These substances have diverse applications: nitroaromatics are used in dyes and pharmaceuticals; nitrocellulose serves in coatings and plastics; and energetic nitro compounds are used in explosives and propellants.

Properties and considerations of nitrated compounds often reflect the presence of the nitro group. The −NO2 group increases molecular polarity and can reduce certain types of chemical reactivity while enhancing oxidizing potential. Many nitrated compounds are sensitive or hazardous, with some being toxic, environmental concerns, or regulated as energetic materials. Appropriate safety, handling, and regulatory controls are essential when working with nitrated substances.