nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin, or glyceryl trinitrate, is a nitrate ester of glycerol with the chemical formula C3H5N3O9. It is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid that is highly sensitive to shock, friction, and heat when dry. It was first prepared by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, who observed its powerful explosive properties.

Industrial and historical use: Nitroglycerin is a high explosive used in blasting and mining. Alfred Nobel stabilized it by absorbing the liquid in an inert porous substance, forming dynamite. It has also been used in propellants and other military applications; safety concerns have limited its modern use.

Medical use: Nitroglycerin is used to treat angina and certain heart conditions. It releases nitric oxide, which relaxes vascular smooth muscle via increased cyclic GMP, causing venodilation and reduced preload and myocardial oxygen demand. It is given in rapid forms for acute relief and in longer-acting forms for prevention.

Forms and safety: It is supplied as sublingual tablets and sprays for rapid relief, and as transdermal or oral forms for longer-term control. It is highly regulated due to explosive potential and must be stored away from heat, light, and shock, in appropriate containers.

Adverse effects and interactions: Common side effects include headache and hypotension. Interactions with certain medications can cause dangerous drops in blood pressure.