Neverbálne

Neverbálne (nonverbal) communication refers to the transmission of information through channels other than spoken language. It includes facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, touch, and other observable cues, as well as paralanguage such as tone, pitch, tempo, and volume. Signals can be intentional or unconscious and are often used together with verbal messages to regulate interaction, convey attitudes, or reinforce what is said.

Nonverbal cues serve multiple functions: they can repeat or substitute for verbal messages, regulate the flow of conversation, indicate emotions and interpersonal space, and reveal attitudes or credibility. Facial expressions and body language are particularly salient in conveying feelings, while proxemics and haptics (use of space and touch) reflect social relationships and cultural norms. Although some facial expressions are considered relatively universal, interpretation and display rules vary across cultures and contexts, making cross-cultural communication nuanced and complex.

Research in this field uses systematic observation and coding schemes to assess nonverbal behavior. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a well-known method for analyzing facial movements, while other tools address posture, gestures, gaze, and proxemics. Nonverbal communication is studied for its reliability, context-dependence, and influence on impressions, interactions, and outcomes in settings such as personal relationships, education, and professional environments.