Neutralism

Neutralism is a political doctrine in international relations that urges a state to abstain from military alliances and to maintain an impartial stance in international conflicts. Neutrals seek to avoid entanglement in rival blocs while preserving sovereignty and the ability to defend national interests. Neutralism is distinct from pacifism, which opposes war in principle, and from isolationism, which aims to minimize overall foreign involvement. In practice, neutrals may declare formal neutrality or pursue a policy of nonalignment while still engaging in diplomacy, trade, and humanitarian work with all sides.

Key features commonly associated with neutralism include a formal or declarative commitment to neutrality, impartiality in disputes, and defense readiness aimed at protecting neutrality rather than projecting power. Neutrals may be governed by domestic laws or international agreements that regulate conduct during armed conflicts, such as the protection of civilians and maintenance of safe passages for humanitarian aid. They often participate in diplomacy or mediation without taking sides in combat. Some neutrals also contribute to peacekeeping or humanitarian missions, seeking to reduce hostilities without joining fighting forces.

Historically, neutralism has been most associated with states that chose to avoid alliance commitments. Switzerland is the most prominent example, with a policy of neutrality recognized after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Other states with long-standing nonalignment or neutral traditions include Sweden and Ireland, as well as Austria after 1955. Finland’s wartime neutrality during the Cold War era and subsequent integration into Western institutions reflect shifts in neutral practice over time.

Critics of neutralism argue that maintaining neutrality can limit security guarantees and expose a country to coercion or sanctions. Proponents contend that neutrality reduces entanglement, preserves autonomy, and allows participation in international cooperation without obligating military commitments. In the modern, multipolar world, neutralism remains a debated option for states seeking selective engagement rather than bloc-based alignment.