Narkomaania

Narkomaania, commonly known as drug addiction or substance use disorder, refers to a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior and use despite adverse consequences. The term originates from the Greek words *narkē* (narcosis, or stupor) and *manía* (madness), reflecting the altered mental state and loss of control associated with severe substance dependence.

Narkomaania can develop from the repeated use of various substances, including opioids (such as heroin or prescription painkillers), stimulants (like cocaine or methamphetamine), depressants (such as benzodiazepines or alcohol), hallucinogens, or cannabis. The condition arises due to changes in brain chemistry, particularly in areas governing reward, motivation, memory, and decision-making. Over time, the brain adapts to the presence of the substance, leading to tolerance (requiring higher doses for the same effect) and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.

Symptoms of narkomaania may include preoccupation with obtaining and using the substance, failed attempts to quit, neglect of responsibilities, continued use despite harm, and physical signs such as dilated pupils, weight loss, or changes in sleep patterns. Psychological effects often include mood swings, anxiety, depression, and impaired judgment.

Treatment for narkomaania typically involves a combination of medical, behavioral, and social interventions. Detoxification may be required to safely manage withdrawal symptoms, followed by therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, or support groups like Narcotics Anonymous. Medications, such as methadone or buprenorphine for opioid dependence, can help reduce cravings and stabilize brain function. Recovery is often a long-term process, requiring ongoing support and relapse prevention strategies.

Prevention efforts focus on education about the risks of substance use, early intervention for at-risk individuals, and reducing access to drugs through policy and community initiatives. Narkomaania is a treatable condition, and with proper support, many individuals achieve sustained recovery and improved quality of life.