NFBmediated

NFBmediated refers to processes, outcomes, or interventions that are facilitated through neurofeedback (NFB). Neurofeedback involves recording neural activity in real time and presenting feedback to the individual, enabling voluntary modulation of brain states. NFBmediated approaches typically rely on EEG-based measures, though hemodynamic methods can also be used, with the goal of training self-regulation of neural activity.

The proposed mechanism for NFBmediated effects involves operant conditioning, where reinforcing specific neural patterns encourages the brain to adopt those patterns more consistently. Over time, this can alter neural networks and functional connectivity related to attention, emotion regulation, perception, or pain processing. The changes are often interpreted as improvements in regulatory control rather than direct symptom suppression.

Common methods include EEG-based protocols such as sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) training, theta/beta training, and alpha/theta training, usually delivered through visual or auditory feedback. Functional MRI neurofeedback is also employed in research settings to target specific brain regions, though it is less accessible for routine practice due to cost and equipment demands.

Applications reported for NFBmediated approaches span ADHD, anxiety, mood disorders, migraines, epilepsy, and chronic pain, as well as cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals. Evidence remains mixed; meta-analyses frequently report small to moderate effects with substantial heterogeneity across studies, and some trials show diminished effects when proper sham controls are used.

Practical considerations include equipment needs, session duration and frequency, and the overall cost. Outcomes depend on participant engagement and learning capacity. Ethical and privacy concerns accompany brain data collection, storage, and potential future uses of neurofeedback-derived signals.