Määrded

Määrded is a term used in Estonian linguistics to describe a class of words and word phrases that modify nouns or noun phrases by specifying reference, quantity, or attributes. They form a central part of noun phrases and help determine how a noun is interpreted in context. Määrded include adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, possessive determiners, and certain quantifiers.

Adjectives (omadussõnad) describe properties of a noun and typically agree with the noun in case and number; they usually appear before the noun. Numerals (arvsõnad) express quantity or order and also precede the noun, often interacting with adjectives in a noun phrase. Demonstratives (näited) such as this and that indicate proximity or identification and generally occupy a position before the noun. Possessive determiners (omistusomadussõnad) like minu, sinu, tema express possession and function as determiners within noun phrases. Quantifiers (kõik, mõned, palju, vähe) specify extent or amount and can accompany the noun alongside other määrded.

Syntax and semantics: The head noun establishes the core meaning, while määrded add information about reference, amount, or properties. The typical order in Estonian noun phrases is demonstratives or possessives before numerals and adjectives, followed by the noun, though actual ordering can vary for emphasis or style. Adjectives agree with the noun in case and number, while determiners do not inflect for gender (Estonian has no grammatical gender).

Examples: see punane auto (this red car); kaks suurt maja (two large houses); minu sõber (my friend); need kolm valget raamatut (these three white books). Määrded are a descriptive focus in Estonian grammar and are contrasted with the head noun to convey precise meaning.