Myrothamnus

Myrothamnus is a small evergreen genus of woody plants in the family Myrothamnaceae. The genus is currently considered monotypic, with the sole described species Myrothamnus flabellifolia, which has also been referred to as the “living wood” or “tree of life.” It belongs to the order Myrothamnales, a group of rare specialists adapted to arid environments.

The plant grows as a shrub or small tree, typically reaching heights of 1.5 to 3 metres. Its foliage consists of alternately arranged, strap‑shaped leaves that are dark green and waxy on the upper surface, with a pale, grayish underside that reflects light. The bark is thick and reddish, often fissured, and it forms a continuous, protective layer that helps the plant survive extreme temperatures and water scarcity. The flowers are small, pale, and clustered in axillary bunches, producing inconspicuous fruits that are fleshy and dark at maturity.

Myrothamnus flabellifolia is native to parts of southern Africa, including Namibia, Botswana, and the southern Cape region of South Africa. It occupies semi‑arid and xeric savanna and bushveld habitats, often on rocky slopes or sandstone outcrops at elevations ranging from sea level to over 1,200 metres. The species is highly drought tolerant, entering a dormant stage during long dry periods and re‑hydrating rapidly when moisture is available. Its root system is shallow but extensive, allowing efficient water uptake during brief rainfall events.

The plant plays an important ecological role by providing shade and shelter for small mammals and birds, stabilizing soil on slopes, and contributing to the nutrient cycle in arid ecosystems. Traditional uses include the consumption of young shoots as a vegetable and the application of bark extracts for medicinal purposes such as fever and cough remedies. In some communities, the wood is used for firewood and crafting of small tools.

Conservation assessments list Myrothamnus flabellifolia as a species of least concern, although localized threats from overgrazing, mining activities, and climate change have led to habitat fragmentation. Protected area coverage within its range offers some safeguard, but long‑term monitoring is recommended to detect potential declines. Scientific interest in the species focuses on its extreme drought tolerance mechanisms, which may provide insights for improving crop resilience under changing climatic conditions.