Murders

Murders refer to the unlawful killing of a person by another, typically carrying malice aforethought. In criminal law, murder is distinguished by the killer's mental state and, in many jurisdictions, by degree or specific categories such as premeditation, planning, or depraved indifference. The precise definition and classification vary by country and jurisdiction.

Most legal systems separate murder from other forms of homicide, such as manslaughter. First-degree murder usually involves deliberate planning or occurs during the commission of certain felonies. Second-degree murder generally covers killings with malice but without premeditation. Some jurisdictions recognize felony murder, where a death results from the commission of a dangerous felony, regardless of intent to kill. Manslaughter is typically divided into voluntary (in the heat of passion) and involuntary (negligent or reckless killing).

To convict someone of murder, prosecutors must show that the defendant caused the victim's death and acted with the requisite mental state. Investigations rely on physical evidence, forensic analysis, witness testimony, and documentation of the sequence of events. Autopsies, toxicology, and ballistic testing are common tools; motive, opportunity, and corroboration of a defendant's alibi may also be examined. Trials determine guilt and assign penalties, which vary widely by jurisdiction.

Penalties for murder are generally severe and may include long prison terms, life imprisonment, or, in places that permit it, capital punishment, subject to legal safeguards. Global homicide data are collected by national authorities and international agencies; rates differ markedly between regions and over time, reflecting social, economic, and policy factors. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors, effective policing, social support, and conflict-resolution efforts.