Mishneh

Mishneh, in Jewish literature, most often refers to Mishneh Torah, a comprehensive code of Jewish law compiled by Moses Maimonides (Rambam) in the late 12th century. The work is designed to restate the entire corpus of rabbinic law in a systematic, accessible form, independent of the dialectical debates typically found in the Talmud. It is written in Hebrew and completed around 1180 CE.

Structure and content: Mishneh Torah consists of 14 books and more than a thousand chapters, organizing laws from daily conduct and prayer to ritual purity, festivals, marriage, damages, and civil law. It aims to present halakhah in a clear codified sequence, drawing on Talmudic sources but offering conclusions with minimal dispute. The work functions as both a study tool and a practical guide for Jewish practice.

Reception and influence: The code had a profound influence on the study and application of Jewish law, becoming a standard reference in many communities. It was widely studied, printed, and commented upon. Some medieval scholars, notably the Ra’avad, criticized certain rulings and methodological choices, arguing that Maimonides sometimes omitted or simplified Talmudic debates. Later codes, such as Shulchan Aruch, engaged with his framework while presenting differing conclusions in some areas.

Legacy: Mishneh Torah remains a foundational text in halakhic study. It has inspired numerous commentaries and modern editions, including translations and critical notes. The term Mishneh itself means “repetition” or “second law” in Hebrew, reflecting its aim to restate the law in a concise, authoritative form.