Mikrokirurgia

Mikrokirurgia is a surgical discipline that relies on an operating microscope and fine instruments to operate on small structures such as minute blood vessels and nerves. The goal is to perform precise dissection, reconstruction, and suturing that are difficult to achieve with the unaided eye. Techniques commonly involve microvascular anastomosis, microsurgical nerve repair, and the transfer of tissue flaps for reconstruction.

Core equipment includes the operating microscope, specialized microinstruments, microvascular clamps, and very fine sutures, typically in the range of small nylon or similar materials. Procedures are often performed under magnification that allows careful alignment and tension control to promote healing and blood flow. Surgeons progress from basic suturing under magnification to complex microvascular connections, sometimes using adjuncts such as loupe magnification or advanced imaging modalities.

Applications of mikrokirurgia span reconstructive surgery, trauma, and select otolaryngology, ophthalmology, urology, and transplant-related procedures. Common indications include replantation of amputated digits, free tissue transfer for large or complex defects, nerve repair after injury, and restoration of function after tumor resections or severe soft tissue loss. Outcomes depend on factors such as tissue quality, patient health, and postoperative care, and are typically favorable in experienced centers for appropriate cases.

Training typically requires residency followed by dedicated microsurgery fellowships or extensive mentored practice. Complications may include thrombosis or flap or nerve failure, infection, scarring, and donor-site morbidity. Ongoing developments aim to improve precision and safety, including advances in imaging, instrumentation, and, in some centers, robotic-assisted approaches.