Microdissectors

Microdissectors are precision instruments used to perform microdissection, the process of isolating microscopic or subcellular structures from a larger tissue or specimen under magnification. They enable selective removal of specific cells, regions, or components for downstream analyses such as sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, or histology.

They include manual mechanical tools with fine tips, microneedles, or microforceps that are manipulated with micromanipulators under a microscope, as well as automated laser-based systems that cut tissue and capture material. Manual microdissection relies on precise physical manipulation, while laser-based approaches use ultraviolet or infrared beams or other wavelengths to delineate and separate material, sometimes followed by capture onto a membrane or collection device.

Applications span pathology, neuroscience, developmental biology, and clinical research. In pathology, microdissection isolates tumor margins or specific cell populations from heterogeneous tissue. In neuroscience, it enables isolation of particular brain regions or neuronal subtypes. In molecular biology, microdissection provides pure samples for RNA sequencing, DNA analysis, or proteomics when material is scarce or heterogeneous.

Preparation and workflow typically involve tissue sectioning, appropriate fixation or freezing, and visualization aids such as staining. Care is taken to preserve biomolecules and minimize contamination. Operators require training in sterile technique and instrument handling, and laboratories follow relevant biosafety guidelines.

Limitations include dependence on operator skill for manual methods, risk of cross-contamination, and high equipment costs. Laser-based systems offer higher precision and throughput but demand regular maintenance and calibration. The field evolved with developments in micromanipulation and later laser capture microdissection during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.