Microbiofilm

Microbiofilm is a community of microorganisms that adheres to a surface and grows as a cohesive, surface-embedded colony within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Microbiofilms form on natural and artificial surfaces, including rocks, plant roots, medical devices, pipes, and food processing equipment. They commonly comprise bacteria, fungi, and algae, and may include multiple species that interact metabolically and signaling-wise.

Formation involves initial reversible attachment, followed by irreversible adhesion through surface structures and EPS. The developing microcolony expands into a three-dimensional, heterogeneous structure with water channels that supply nutrients and remove waste. The EPS matrix provides mechanical stability and protection from desiccation, chemical stress, and shear forces. Within the biofilm, cells exhibit physiological diversity and gradients of oxygen and nutrients, often coordinated by quorum sensing.

Ecological and practical significance: in nature, microbiofilms drive nutrient cycling and surface weathering; in industry and medicine, they contribute to persistent infections on implants and to fouling of water systems. They are typically more resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants than planktonic cells due to protective EPS, slow growth, and protective microenvironments.

Management focuses on preventing attachment and disrupting the matrix. Strategies include surface coatings and modifications, mechanical removal, enzymatic or chemical treatments, antimicrobial agents, and approaches that disrupt cell communication or biofilm maturation. Advances in understanding biofilm structure and signaling inform infection control, water quality, and industrial hygiene.