Metallid

Metals, or metallid, are a broad class of elements characterized by metallic bonding and typical properties such as luster, malleability, ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. In the periodic table, metals span several groups, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and actinides. Most metals occur in nature as part of minerals called ores and are extracted through mining and metallurgical processes. Common extraction methods include smelting of oxide ores and, for some metals such as aluminum, electrolytic refining.

Metallic properties arise from a lattice of positively charged ions in a sea of delocalized electrons, which accounts for electrical conductivity and the ability to deform without breaking. Metals generally have high densities and high melting points, though there is considerable variation among elements. They tend to form cations and exhibit a range of oxidation states, especially the transition metals, which are central to catalysis and redox chemistry. Corrosion, such as rusting of iron, is a common chemical process that can be mitigated with coatings or passive oxide layers.

Uses of metals are widespread. They are essential in construction, transportation, electronics, and machinery. Alloys such as steel (iron and carbon), bronze (copper and tin), and brass (copper and zinc) tailor properties like strength and hardness. The majority of metals are recycled, which saves energy and reduces environmental impact compared with primary production.