Matsyendranath

Matsyendranath, also spelled Matsyendra or Machhendranath, is a revered sage in the Nath tradition of yoga. In Nath lineages he is regarded as an early master who helped shape the tradition and is often described as the guru of Gorakhnath, one of the movement’s most prominent figures. The name Matsyendranath is usually interpreted as “lord of the fish” (matsya means fish).

Traditional accounts place him in the early medieval period, with dates varying by source and region. He is associated with tantric and yogic teachings that later influenced what is known as Hatha yoga. In Nath lineage literature, Matsyendranath is credited with systematizing certain practices and transmitting them to Gorakhnath and other disciples, forming a foundational lineage for the movement.

Legends about Matsyendranath are diverse. A popular tale describes him being swallowed by a fish during meditation and acquiring spiritual knowledge within the fish’s body, after which he emerged to teach others. Other versions speak of encounters with Shiva or sages that impart instruction on yoga, breath control, and inner awakening. As with many hagiographies, these narratives serve to illustrate the sanctity and transmission of his teachings rather than provide a single historical account.

Culturally, Matsyendranath is venerated in parts of India and Nepal. In Nepal he is worshiped as Rato Machhindranath, and the annual Rato Machhindranath Jatra (chariot festival) in Kathmandu Valley is a major regional event associated with his cult. His influence persists through the Nath sampradaya, which emphasizes kundalini, pranayama, and the integration of yogic practice with philosophy and devotion.