cult

Cult is a term used to describe a religious, spiritual, or social group that is seen as deviant or new and that adheres to a central figure or provocative beliefs and practices. In sociology and religious studies, the term is often contrasted with mainstream faiths; scholars prefer neutral terms such as new religious movement (NRM) or cultic group to avoid pejorative connotations. A common feature is a charismatic leader who claims special knowledge or authority, and a system of beliefs and practices that require intense commitment, obedience, and conformity to the group's norms.

Other characteristic features include isolation or separation from outside influences, controlled information flow, tightly regulated social circles, and sometimes financial, sexual, or emotional demands. Recruitment and retention may involve intense commitment, social pressure, and the gradual escalation of commitments.

The range of groups labeled cultic varies widely. Some are relatively harmless, while others have been associated with coercive control, abuse, or illegal activities. Sociologists study these groups to understand social influence, identity formation, and the dynamics of authority rather than to endorse or condemn them.

Historically prominent examples often cited in discussions of cults include the Peoples Temple under Jim Jones, the Branch Davidians, and Heaven's Gate, though each case is complex and debated. The term's negative associations have led scholars to emphasize monitoring for coercive practices and safeguarding the rights and safety of members, while recognizing the diversity of beliefs and organizational forms within NRMs.