Maschinenachse

"Maschinenachse" (German: machine axis) denotes a defined direction of motion or rotation used to describe the geometry and kinematics of a machine tool, robot or other controlled mechanical system. It provides a reference for positioning, programming and control; linear axes are commonly labeled X, Y and Z, while rotary axes are labeled A, B and C. Modern CNC systems commonly use these labels when interpreting toolpaths and motion commands.

Axes can be classified as linear (translation) or rotary (rotation) and may be driven by ball screws, rack-and-pinion systems, linear motors or rotary servomotors. Machines are described by the number of controlled axes—3-axis milling, 4- or 5-axis machining and multi-axis robotics—each additional axis increasing the degrees of freedom and the ability to orient tools or workpieces.

Control and feedback on a machine axis are typically handled by servo drives and encoders in closed-loop systems, or stepper drives in open-loop setups. Key performance characteristics include resolution, repeatability, positioning accuracy and dynamic response. Physical error sources include backlash, mechanical play, thermal expansion and structural deflection.

In programming and setup, axes are related through coordinate systems (machine, workpiece, tool) and kinematic transformations that convert commanded positions into individual axis motions. Proper calibration, compensation and maintenance of each axis are essential for achieving intended part geometry, surface finish and production consistency across manufacturing and automation applications.