Maltreatment

Maltreatment is a general term used to describe harmful or threatening treatment of a person in a dependent or vulnerable position. It includes abuse and neglect by caregivers, family members, institutions, or others who have responsibility for the person’s welfare. The term is commonly used in social services, medicine, and law to refer to harm inflicted on children, older adults, or people with disabilities, though it can apply to other groups as well. Definitions vary by jurisdiction.

Maltreatment can take multiple forms. Physical abuse involves harming the body; sexual abuse includes any sexual act or exploitative contact; emotional or psychological abuse damages a person’s sense of self or well-being through threats, humiliation, or isolation. Neglect refers to the failure to meet essential needs such as food, shelter, medical care, or supervision. Financial exploitation and care neglect in care settings are also recognized forms. In institutional settings, abuse and neglect may be accompanied by systemic mistreatment or neglect of safety standards.

Child maltreatment, elder maltreatment, and maltreatment of adults with disabilities are governed by protective services in many countries. Mandatory reporting laws require professionals to report suspected abuse. Investigations may lead to services for the victim and, where necessary, protective interventions. The terminology and thresholds for intervention vary by jurisdiction and organization.

Maltreatment can cause immediate injuries and long-term health problems, including mental health disorders and developmental delays in children.

Prevention emphasizes screening for risk factors, caregiver support, education about healthy child and elder care, and accessible reporting mechanisms. Effective responses require coordination among health care, social services, legal systems, and communities to ensure safety, accountability, and access to care for victims.