Malignitet

Malignitet refers to the property of certain tumors being malignant, meaning they have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. It distinguishes malignant neoplasms from benign tumors, which are typically localized and slower growing. Malignant tumors arise from genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive uncontrolled cell proliferation, resistance to cell death, and genetic instability.

Common hallmarks of malignitet include local invasion, angiogenesis to sustain tumor growth, rapid and disorderly cell division, cellular pleomorphism, and the ability to seed metastases through lymphatic or hematogenous routes. Clinically, presentations vary by tumor type and stage, but can include a palpable lump, ulceration, unintended weight loss, fever, or anemia.

Diagnosis relies on histopathologic examination of a biopsy to confirm malignitet and to determine tumor grade. Imaging studies are used for staging and assessing spread. Molecular profiling and tumor markers may aid in selecting targeted or personalized therapies.

Treatment is guided by tumor type, stage, and patient factors, and often involves combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Palliative care plays a role when curative options are limited, focusing on symptom relief and quality of life.

Prognosis varies widely with cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and molecular features. Early detection and effective local control generally improve outcomes, while advanced or metastatic disease carries a poorer prognosis.